Pope Urban Ii Essays - Crusades, Christianization, Invasions

Pope Urban Ii Essays - Crusades, Christianization, Invasions Pope Urban Ii Pope Urban II had called the Christians to join him in a Holy War to reclaim the Holy Lands as an act of Christianity, but there were many activities that took place that werent characteristics of Christianity. The Crusades were a smokescreen for Popes craving for power and control. The Crusades were the idea of Pope Urban II, a wise Frenchman. On November 18, 1095 AD, Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. Nine days later, the Pope made a very important speech just outside the French city of Clermont-Ferrand. In his speech, he asked the people to help the Christians effort to restore peace to the East. The Crusades had originally been to help the Churches in the East, but the now it was to reclaim the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem from the Muslims. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 in hopes of providing leadership for the First Crusaders. Urban had originally hoped for the crusading army to be composed of mostly knights and other warriors, but his speech had already began spreading throughout the west, and many people of different social classes started joining the crusading army. (Foss, Michael. pg. 23) Because of this Urban lost all control of the army, which led to the slaughter of Jews in northern France. These poor people also caused strain on the armies supplies and discipline. They were never trained and they were poor, so they couldnt bring anything and were poorly disciplined(Foss, Michael. pg. 24). The entire crusading army had planned on reaching the city of Constantinople, but because of their lack of supplies and training the vast majority of them were slaughtered before they got there. The few troops that did reach Constantinople split up into two groups. One group tried to capture Nicaea, a key city that blocked the road of their supply routes. This group was unsuccessful. The other group was attacked near the city of Civetot in October. The few survivors retreated to Constantinople and joined the second wave of Crusaders. (Phillips, Jonathan. pg. 59) Religious beliefs were a major motive of the crusaders. In Urbans speech to the people of Clermont-Ferrand, Urban guaranteed the complete forgiveness of all sins to any crusader that lost his life in the name of the Crusades. Urban also proclaimed It is necessary that you bring to your brothers in the East the help so often promised and so urgently needed. They have been attacked, as many of you know, by Turks and Arabs... Churches have been destroyed and the countryside laid waste. If you do not make a stand against the enemy now, the

The History of Pencils, Markers, Pens, and Erasers

The History of Pencils, Markers, Pens, and Erasers Ever wonder how your favorite writing implement was invented? Read on to learn about the history of pencils, erasers, sharpeners, markers, highlighters and gel pens and see who invented and patented these writing instruments. Pencil History Graphite is a form of carbon, first discovered in the Seathwaite Valley on the side of the mountain Seathwaite Fell in Borrowdale, near Keswick, England, sometime around 1564 by an unknown person. Shortly after this, the first pencils were made in the same area. The breakthrough in pencil technology came when French chemist Nicolas Conte developed and patented the process used to make pencils in 1795. He used a mixture of clay and graphite that was fired before it was put in a wooden case. The pencils he made were cylindrical with a slot. The square lead was glued into the slot, and a thin strip of wood was used to fill the rest of the slot. Pencils got their name from the old English word meaning brush. Contes method of kiln firing powdered graphite and clay allowed pencils to be made to any hardness or softness - which was very important to artists and draftsmen. In 1861, Eberhard Faber built the first pencil factory in the United States in New York City. Eraser History Charles Marie de la Condamine, a French scientist and explorer, was the first European to bring back the natural substance called India rubber. He brought a sample to the Institute de France in Paris in 1736. South American Indian tribes used rubber to making bouncing playing balls and as an adhesive for attaching feathers and other objects to their bodies. In 1770, the noted scientist Sir Joseph Priestley (discoverer of oxygen) recorded the following, I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black lead pencil. Europeans were rubbing out pencil marks with the small cubes of rubber, the substance that Condamine had brought to Europe from South America. They called their erasers peaux de negres. However, rubber was not an easy substance to work with because it went bad very easily - just like food, rubber would rot. English engineer Edward Naime is also credited with the creation of the first eraser in 1770. Before rubber, breadcrumbs had been used to erase pencil marks. Naime claims he accidentally picked up a piece of rubber instead of his lump of bread and discovered the possibilities. He went on to sell the new rubbing out devices, or rubbers. In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered a way to cure rubber and make it a lasting and useable material. He called his process vulcanization, after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. Goodyear patented his process in 1844. With the better rubber available, erasers became quite common. The first patent for attaching an eraser to a pencil was issued in 1858 to a man from Philadelphia named Hyman Lipman. This patent was later held to be invalid because it was merely the combination of two things, without a new use. History of the Pencil Sharpener At first, penknives were used to sharpen pencils. They got their name from the fact that they were first used to shape feather quills used as early pens. In 1828, French mathematician Bernard Lassimone applied for a patent (French patent #2444) on an invention to sharpen pencils. However, it was not until 1847 that Therry des Estwaux first invented the manual pencil sharpener as we know it. John Lee Love of Fall River, Massachusetts designed the Love Sharpener. Loves invention was the very simple, portable pencil sharpener that many artists use. The pencil is put into the opening of the sharpener and rotated by hand, and the shavings stay inside the sharpener. Loves sharpener was patented on November 23, 1897 (U.S. Patent # 594,114). Four years earlier, Love created and patented his first invention, the Plasterers Hawk. This device, which is still used today, is a flat square piece of board made of wood or metal, upon which plaster or mortar was placed and then spread by plasterers or masons. This was patented on July 9, 1895. One source claims that the Hammacher Schlemmer Company of New York offered the worlds first electric pencil sharpener designed by Raymond Loewy, sometime in the early 1940s. History of Markers and Highlighters The first marker was probably the felt tip marker, created in the 1940s. It was mainly used for labeling and artistic applications. In 1952, Sidney Rosenthal began marketing his Magic Marker which consisted of a glass bottle that held ink and a wool felt wick. By 1958, marker use was becoming common, and people used it for lettering, labeling, marking packages, and creating posters. Highlighters and fine-line markers were first seen in the 1970s. Permanent markers also became available around this time. Superfine-points and dry erase markers gained popularity in the 1990s. The modern fiber tip pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan in 1962. The Avery Dennison Corporation trademarked Hi-Liter ® and Marks-A-Lot ® in the early 90s. The Hi-Liter ® pen, commonly known as a highlighter, is a marking pen which overlays a printed word with a transparent color, leaving it legible and emphasized. In 1991 Binney Smith introduced a redesigned Magic Marker line that included highlighters and permanent markers.  In 1996, fine point Magic Marker II DryErase markers were introduced for detailed writing and drawing on  whiteboards, dry erase boards, and glass surfaces. Gel Pens Gel Pens were invented by the Sakura Color Products Corp. (Osaka, Japan), which makes Gelly Roll pens and was the company that invented gel ink in 1984. The gel ink uses pigments suspended in a water-soluble polymer matrix. They are not transparent like conventional inks, according to Debra A. Schwartz. According to Sakura, Years of research resulted in the 1982 introduction of Pigma ®, the first water-based pigment ink ... Sakuras revolutionary Pigma inks evolved to become the first Gel Ink Rollerball launched as the Gelly Roll pen in 1984. Sakura also invented a new drawing material which combined oil and pigment. CRAY-PAS ®, the first oil pastel, was introduced in 1925.

The Ideas in Sandra Cisneross Only Daughter and Deborah Tannens Sex, Essay

The Ideas in Sandra Cisneross Only Daughter and Deborah Tannens Sex, Lies, and Conversation - Essay Example The purpose of gender plays different roles within Cisneros’s and Tannen’s pieces. Cisneros makes a big deal that she was the only daughter of a family of seven children. She desperately wanted to have her father be proud of what she did: writing. â€Å"I wanted my father to understand what it was I was scribbling, to introduce me as ‘My only daughter, the writer.’ Not as ‘This is only my daughter. She teaches.’ Es maestra— teacher. Not even profesora.† †¨ The structure of Cisneros’s story is short and to the point. The purpose of the essay is to show how Cisneros’s professional development progressed from being basically an unknown writer to, ten years later, having had a lot of success as a writer. The purpose of gender in Tannen’s essay is to show the difference in communication patterns between men and women. â€Å"The communication problems that endanger marriage can't be fixed by mechanical enginee ring. They require a new conceptual framework about the role of talk in human relationships.† Essentially, Tannen is saying we need to be able to rework the role of conversation between men and women. The structure of the essay begins by Tannen telling a story about how women talk less in public than in men. The purpose of the essay was to draw attention to why this mix-up in communications causes divorces. The explanation for the purpose of gender in these two essays is completely different betwixt the two—and the opposite sex (men) is mentioned in Cisneros’s piece but not nearly as much as in Tannen’s. The structure of the essays were different in that Cisneros’s piece was short and Tannen’s long. Both essays had a common purpose, however, which was to see the value in womens’ contributions. III. The Outcomes From the Two Stories ? The outcome from Sandra Cisneros’s story was her professional development. â€Å"Last year, aft er ten years of writing professionally, the financial rewards started to trickle in. My second National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship. A guest professorship at the University of California, Berkeley. My book, which sold to a major New York publishing house.†3 The outcome for Tannen was talking about what bound women together: conversation. â€Å"For women, as for girls, intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven.†4 The explanation that draws a line in the sand between these two different pieces is that Sandra Cisneros is talking about how she, as a writer, overcame her struggles in order to become a writer and to ultimately make her father proud—which was the sole greatest achievement that Cisneros found?worthwhile to achieve. The main attraction of Tannen’s article is that she is talking about how gender differences severely impair relationships and lead to divorce. In terms of theme, the outcomes from these two storied essays are vastly different. In fact, Tannen’s assertion at the end of her piece that people who cannot work things out should just get divorced, makes all of her prior assertions about relationships seem invalid—because she is advocating divorce. This proves that she doesn’t really value the male-female relationship enough to want to preserve it—

No Interruption Zone on Medication Safety in Intensive Care Units Research Paper

No Interruption Zone on Medication Safety in Intensive Care Units - Research Paper Example Furthermore, the review supports the needs of the   study which is mainly medicinal errors that occur in the intensive care unit due to interruptions among the nurses.   This is evident, in the illustrations provided in the review under objective one medication errors and incidence in the intensive care unit.    The   second objective provides reviews on the strategies that can be used to reduce medication errors in the intensive care unit. A research design is a strategy, a plan or road map for planning and conducting any study (Borg, 2003).   In this research, the study measured the various interruptions that affected the nurses during the preparation stage in the intensive care unit. This study used   quasi-experimental   design to observe   and to compare the number of interruptions in medication preparation process.  The variables were; the dependent variable a nurse preparation on   medication for administration at one of the medication preparation areas and independent variable were the Interruption that interrupts the nurse in the preparation process. The study mainly used the nurses within the intensive care unit and their patients as the study sample.   Quasi Experimental design   is the most appropriate design   for the study. In   this design, the researcher studies the effect of the treatment on the intact groups rather than being able to randomly assign participants to the experimental or control groups.   

Discuss briefly the advantages Essay Example for Free

Discuss briefly the advantages Essay Вisadvantages of using your chosen analytical frameworks (both buyer behavior and IMC) in the development of your analysis and strategy While developing the strategy we have used both the consumer behavior model and the SOSTAC decision making model and thus we can now come up with both the advantages and disadvantages of the two concepts. First of all when starting with the disadvantages we see that the consumer behavior model works best if we take it theoretically however, when we take it up to the practical level, there are many problems that a management faces in order to judge the consumers behavior based on the theoretical model. First of all the theoretical model is basically a general model and as we know that no two human brains in a world are alike, thus not all consumers may think alike. There can be so many psychological processes going on in human minds that they are not conscious which makes it very difficult for decision makers to have full information about the consumers. Also there are a lot of different combinations of decisions and preferences that a consumer might take into account when going for a decision and the consumer behavior model takes a general approach to address a specific set of combinations and thus decisions makers can be wrong at a lot of times. In addition, the factor of compulsive buying is a very vast concept and cannot be taken into account in depth by all means because this concept refers to such a behavior of a consumer that the consumer himself can keep away from this attitude. If a consumer would have known how to get rid off of his compulsive buying attitude then the consumer would not go for a product due to such a behavior at the first(Bloch 1986). Therefore how can we generalize the effects of such a behavior? Isn’t it possible that there might be some logical reasons behind such a behavior that we as marketers are not aware due to lack of information? Coming on to the advantages side, the consumer behavior model and decision making model such as Sostac have been very helpful for us and to any marketing in order to devise a marketing strategy. These models and sequential processes help us identify the different segments and targets in market to a very good extent rather than making guesses through hit and trial method. Even if we consider them guesses, still these guesses and expectations are quite calculated with the help of these models. Moreover by using the consumer behavior model a company can come up with different marketing options for different target markets and segments keeping in mind several consumer traits, buying behavior and combinations that they tend to make. Also a SOSTAC model enables us to first analyze our current position of the business. This is important because without knowing the strengths and weaknesses of a company, marketers will take a great deal of risk by throwing out is product in the market just like that. The SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and the Communication tool analysis has helped us how we can actually market our product keeping in mind a number of external factors such as social factors, means of communication, economical factors and etc.marketing for a Lamborghini is quite different from marketing a soda therefore a lot of insight has to be taken into account in order to come up with the best marketing for the luxurious and expensive Lamborghini SUV (Dhar 1997). Bibliography: 1. Altaner. (2000). Dot Com Deals. Sun-Sentinel. 2. Alba, J. (1987). Dimensions of Consumer Expertise. Journal of Consumer Research 3. Alba, J. (1987). The effect of frequency knowledge on consumer decision making. Journal of Consumer research 4. Assael, H (2003). Consumer Behavior: A Strategic Approach. : Houghton Mifflin Company 5. Bettman, J. (1975). Issues in designing consumer information environments. Journal of Consumers Research. 2, 169-177. 6. Bettman, J. (1975). Issues in designing consumer information environments. Journal of Consumers Research. 2, 169-177. 7. Bloch, P. (1986). Consumer Search an Extended Framework. Journal of Consumer Research. 13, 119-126. 8. Braus, P. (1990). What is a good Service? American Demographics. 9. Bettman, J (1979). An information Processing Theory of consumer choice. : Addison- Wesley 10. Blackwell, R, Minard, P Engel, F (2005). Consumer Behavior (McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series in Marketing). : South-Western College Pub 11. Dhar, R. (1997). Consumer Preference for No-Choice Option. Journal of Consumer Research. 24. 12. Hawkins, D (2003). Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy (McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series in Marketing. : McGraw-Hill College 13. Hoyer, W (2003). Consumer Behavior Third Edition. : Houghton Mifflin Company. 14. Shiffman, L (2006). Consumer Behavior. : Prentice Hall 15. Hawkins, D (2008). Consumer Behavior. : McGraw Hill Higher Education 16. Hawkins, D (2003). Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy. 8th ed. : McGraw-Hill/Irwin 17. Kolligian, G. (1991). Brands are a companies most important Assets. Marketing News. 18. Kirmani, A. (1993). A consumer side experimental examination of signaling theory: Do consumers Perceive warranties as signals of quality. Journal of Consumer research. 19. Moner, K. (1973). Buyers’ subjective perceptions of price. Journal of Marketing Research. 10, 73-80. 20. MacKenzie, S. (1986). The role of attention in mediating the effect of advertising on attribute importance. Journal of Consumer Research. 13 ( ), 174-195. 21. Macmillan, I. (1997). Discovering new points of differentiation. Harvard Business Review. 22. Mittal, B (2006). Consumer Behavior: How Humans Think, Feel, and Act in the Marketplace. : INP 23. Peter, P (2004). Consumer Behavior (McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series in Marketing). : McGraw-Hill 24. Roberts, J. (2000). Developing new rules for new markets. Journal of the academy of marketing Science. 28, 31-41. 25. Rao, A. How to fight a price war. Harvard business review 26. Sirininivasa, N. (1991). An empirical Test of a model of external search for automobiles. Journal of Consumer Research. 18 27. Sujan, M. (1985). Consumer Knowledge: effects on evaluation strategies mediating consumer judgments. Journal of Consumer research. 28. Solomon, M (2008). Consumer Behavior in Fashion. : Prentice Hall 29. Solomon, M (2003). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being, 6th Edition. 8th ed. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. 30. Woodside, A. (1992). Finding out why consumers shop your store and buy your brand: automatic cognitive processing models of primary choice. Journal of advertizing research. 32, 59-78. 31. Wrieght, P. (1973). Use of Consumer Judgment Models in Promotion Planning. Journal of Marketing.

The Gothic Genre and What it Entails Essay -- Gothic Criticism

"The invaluable works of our elder writers re driven into neglect by frantic novels, sickly and stupid German Tragedies, and deluges of idle and extravagant stories in verse. The human mind is capable of being excited without the application of gross and violent stimulants.." William Wordsworth, Preface to The Lyrical Ballads, 1802. "..Phantasmagoric kind of fiction, whatever one may think of it, is not without merit: 'twas the inevitable result of revolutionary shocks throughout Europe thus to compose works of interest, one had to call on the aid of Hell itself, and to find things familiar in the world of make believe.." Marquis (Donatien Alphonse) de Sade, "Reflections on the Novel.", 1800. Gothic literature has been an area of critical contention since Horace Walpole's seminal Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto, was published in 1764. Although vilified by much of the contemporary press the Gothic had its champions, many of whom were also its practitioners including Walpole, the subsequent generation's Anne Radcliffe and the Marquis de Sade who had his own brand of highly sexualized Gothic. Despite these voices, Gothic was still a marginalised genre in its incipient days, at least in the bulk of critical writing (this is the view of most contemporary historical overviews e.g.: Sage, Botting, Kilgour). Many critics writing at the time of the Romantic Gothic (i.e: Gothic written during the arbitrary period of Romanticism) considered such novels to be sensationalist, trashy and "completely expurgated of any of the higher qualities of mind" (Peacock quoted in Sage, 11). I think this is an unfair judgemen... ...------------------------------------ [1] Most quality Gothic books are likewise referential or intertextual. Frankenstein draws on a rich lineage of Romantic favourites from Milton to Goethe through Godwin up to Percy Shelley. It is from these books the monster learns his culture thus his humanity. Melmoth has frequent allusions to contemporary romance e.g.: "Romances have made one familiar with tales of subterranean passages and supernatural horrors." (Maturin, 191). [2] The same thing occurs in Pier Paolo Pasolini's film version of 120 Days via the use of altered lighting, camera angles and wall paintings to the subtle distortion of the physical surroundings. [3] The Midnight Bell by Francis Lathom. David Punter, in The Literature of Terror, refers to it as one of a "morass" that "flooded the market" (114).

The Great Gatsby: How It Applies to Modern Society

The Great Gatsby: How it Applies to Modern Society The people in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby are very alike the people in our generation today. They’re alike in the way they depict racism, irresponsibility, and corruption. The two generations however; also share people who display integrity and honesty. The two generations show irresponsibility and corruption through many characters like Myrtle, Meyer Wolfshiem and Tom. After Myrtle bought the dog she had taken no care after the dog. She never walked it, didn’t consistently feed it, and the dog was later found lying around by himself.Tom was irresponsible and prejudice towards other races which were different from his own. His Irresponsibility was shown when he was having an affair with Myrtle and not staying faithful to Daisy. Tom’s prejudice was revealed when he said â€Å"nowadays people being by sneering at family life and family institutions and next they’ll throw everything o verboard and have intermarriage between black and white. † In today’s society it seems like it’s every other day where someone is discriminated against because they are thought to be inferior for skin color, religion, etc.Also during the roaring 20’s there was many gangs and mob leaders like the terrorizing Al Capone who were corrupt with power. He was a racketeer who had many wars with other gangs. Today there is also a lot of gang violence going on today between all sorts of different cliques and they all search for the power that Al Capone once had. Even though there are a significant amount of people who are irresponsible and discriminate there are also a large number of people who act with integrity and help others with enormous generosity.Everyone was first afraid of Gatsby because they thought he was a killer but turns out he was a compassionate man. When Nick says â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd, you’re worth the whole damn bunch put to gether† you feel the same towards him because his love for Daisy was very important to him. He takes the blame for Daisy killing Myrtle even though he knows he can be taken away to jail for the rest of his life. There are people still today that will fight for their friends because friendship is vowed to be very important in the life of very human. As you can see the adult’s shown in the Great Gatsby (1920’s) are similar to the adults that live today. Many portray racism and are irresponsible; however they are also many who act with honesty, integrity and compassion. I believe the two generations are similar for the common traits they share. Because there is a century between these two generations many would believe that a lot of change has undergone but in reality not much change has happened. Everything around the people has changed but them as people have not.