Women s Rights Of Women - 1269 Words

The United States of America has consciously manipulated which gender is able to have full access to resources. On the rights spectrum, women have severely suffered because dating back before The Women’s Rights Movement, women were left with the burden of the responsibility of raising children and domestic duties. The idea of equality is critically rooted by rights, support, and opportunities therefore allowing any person to gain access to resources, however for some odd reason women were left behind. Our country hides the strong women who have fought so hard to gain equality before The Women’s Rights Movement, luckily these women did not stop fighting for the women today. Women need to have full equality because, they are our friends,†¦show more content†¦The American Woman Suffrage Association and National Woman Suffrage Association brought women together and later the turning point came in the 1880s and 1890s, the determination of these women expanded their activities further outside their own organizations, thus creating a movement and provided a new momentum for the NWSA and the AWSA. By,1890 the groups united to form National American Woman Suffrage Association(NAWSA). After the vote was finally won in 1920, the organized Women’s Rights Movement continued on in multiple directions. Women who had marched, now petitioned and lobbied for woman suffrage, Alice Paul understood that the fight for women’s rights would be on going struggle that was elite, women wanted more. In 1919, the National American Suffrage Association formed itself into the League of Women to ensure that women would take their human right to vote seriously a nd use it wisely. After, the right to gained the Women’s Bureau of the Department of Labor was established to obtained information about women at work, and campaigned for changes needed. Many women activists involved themselves with lobbying for legislation to protect women workers from abuse and unsafe conditions. Alice Paul, in 1923, leader of the National Woman’s Party made the next step. She drafted an Equal Rights Amendment for the United States Constitution, law entailed that men and women have equal rights throughout the United States. (BonnieShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights , that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming li ability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspe ct of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with wom en earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Memory And Memory Of Memory - 1178 Words

Grace Stelley Erickson Hour 5 1/11/17 Memory Steve Jobs once said, You and I have memories longer he road that stretches out ahead. The brain is so detailed and holds so much information in every little area. There are so many things happening in the brain at once, and one of the most fascinating things would be memory. The memory has various abilities that make it so complex, including the memory system, how it functions, and memory retrieval, along with the capacity to memorize certain ideas easier Memory has different parts in the memory system including sensory, short and long memories. Each type has a different time span and is broken down for different purposes for memorizing. Sensory memory occupies material for one to two†¦show more content†¦It also indicates to the brain’s intelligence to keep knowledge. Recollection is a crucial piece of the training progress (Loftus). Repeating actions can really help to expand what has been just viewed. The memory is a result of an influence on perception, attention, and learning. Many experiences in life affect what a person remembers. Memory collects the events that were given the most impact on the life at hand. Every time a person learns something different, chemical conversions account new passageways to grow between neurons. The memory traces can be energized at any time to intimate the cognition called memories. If memories weren’t in the brain, learning something would be new every time. There are two d istinct types of memories including motor-skill memory and factual memory. The ability to memorize motor skills, such as walking or riding a bike makes it possible to achieve many everyday actions without abundant conception of conscious thought. Motor-skills are very important because they show what comes naturally to a person and what can be improved to help get to a goal or new step in life. Between five to six hours of learning a new motor-skill, the capability of completing the task becomes gathered forever in a person’s brain. If it is disturbed by another learning action the first one may be erased or can easily be slipped away from memory (â€Å"Memory† n. pag.). Motor-skills are crucial for survival and show how they can be so important for futureShow MoreRelatedMemory And Memory Of Memory971 Words   |  4 Pagesstore and remember so many memories throughout our lifespan, in our brain? A memory is a â€Å"faculty by which the mind stores and remembers infor mation†, but how? Memories are stored in direct braincells and brain structures, which allow us to remember our memories. Some memories can depend on one single molecule for their life long remembrance, and replay of episodes. Memories are stored in two ways, short term memory and long-term memory. These three different stages of memory allow us to take in andRead MoreMemory Of Memory And Memory966 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the common issues today is if people can rely on their memories. It is not mutual knowledge for people to know how memories are formed or where they are stored. A prodigious example of how memories are constructed is in the article â€Å"Distinguishing the Neutral Correlates of Episodic Memory Encoding and Semantic Memory Retrieval† Steven Prince and the other authors report, â€Å"The way a memory is formed is by neurons in one’s brain retaining information from a certain event and delivering it toRead MoreThe Memory Of Memory And Memory1 497 Words   |  6 Pagesbeings rely on their memory a lot, not only to remember special events or memorise facts that have been learned but also to recall processes and routines executed on a daily basis. Memory can be defined as a system that processes information in the mind, which consists of three stages; namely encoding, storage, and retrieval (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, 2012). Encoding refers to the receiving and modification of an informational stimulus so that it can be embedded in the memory. Storage is theRead MoreMemory And Memory Of Memory1866 Words   |  8 PagesMemory is a vital component in our body in which shapes who we are, considering the memory is where all our knowledge and past experiences are stored. As the knowledge and past experiences we gather throughout our lifetime are irreplaceable, that is why we must ensure that our memory systems are kept in perfect condition, making sure that we put effort into enhancing our memories in keeping what we c herish the most. Researchers have shown that it is possible to use techniques to ameliorate memoryRead MoreThe Memory Of A Memory Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesRecalling a memory seems like a simple task but are you actually depicting the events how they actually happened? Understanding the process our minds undergo during memory recall has helped greatly in legal cases involving an eyewitness. People generally believe that an eyewitness report provides completely reliable evidence to a criminal case. However, Elizabeth Loftus of the University of Washington has found that when an individual recalls a memory it is not described completely as it occurredRead MoreTypes Of Memory And Memory Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthe memory of the event in your mind that was stored in your long term memory. There are three different types of memory each one having a different purpose. First being the long term memory which stores memory’s for long periods of time. Next is short term me mory also known as working memory which only last for an estimated 15-30 seconds. Finally is sensory memory which is the ability to remember sensory information. Throughout time it has been constantly said that women have better memory thanRead MoreMemory And Memory Of A Person1924 Words   |  8 PagesForgetting Memory is described as the ability to recall past ideas and experiences. Memory is a part of the day to day lives. It is usually a constant process through which the minds of a person are continually retrieving and processing information. The ability of an individual to remember permits him/her to function efficiently in their day to day lives (Hockenbury, chapter 6). This is the main reason as to why a majority of researchers and psychologists have asserted that the working memory of a personRead MoreMemory Loss In Memory853 Words   |  4 Pages One study measured memory capacity through different number of words recalled as well as memory efficiency (through selectivity based on value assigned to different words) in different age groups (Castel et al., 2011). This differs from tests looking at episodic memory (free recall) by examining control of attention can result in encoding high-value information. Age-related differences were found in memory capacity (through number of words recalled). This study used a selectivity task where participantsRead MoreSleep : Memory And Memory1694 Words   |  7 PagesEnhances Memory When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or encode a memory. There are many different kinds of memories that can be formed. Each must be consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, Bjorness, 2010). This article discusses the different types of memory, stages of sleep, and what occurs that potentially strengthens memory while sleeping. Memory SensoryRead MoreMemory And Memory Of Computers868 Words   |  4 Pages Memory Have you ever wanted to know how certain files, documents and so on are being saved and what led this to occur? The memory of computers is quite fascinating and there is so much that goes into saving something on a computer. There are different types of memory that is found on computers that is needed to make things work and that would be acceptable to the user. The main two that is quite known in the computer world would be Primary and Secondary memory. There are 2 types

Impact of Negative Advertising in Various Sectors Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Negative Advertisements. Answer: Advertising is basically a way of communication between a business and its prospective buyers. The company selling products and services using advertisements to tell the public about their products nature, uses and advantages in comparison to substitutes available in the market. Advertisements hold great importance in this era of cut throat competition. The major modes of advertisement are television, radio, hoardings, newspapers and magazines, personal mails, etc., depending on the nature of the product and the relevant target audience. While the main aim of advertising is to promote your own product, sometimes companies advertise by showing the similar products of other companies in bad light. This helps to attract the customer base of competitors towards your company. This is commonly known as Negative Advertising. This kind of advertising shows competitors in a bad light in order to make the advertiser appear better. It is mostly used in political sector, but has started gaining popularity in casual business as well (Sehba, 2016). This paper provides detailed information about the concept of negative advertising. The aim of this paper is to critically analyze the views of different authors about this practice. The main area of focus is the use of negative advertising in the political arena, different campaigns and their effect on the pollsters. Comparitive Analysis According to Richardson, the term negative advertising covers a very broad area of different concepts and terminologies and hence it becomes difficult to research. The result of research is mostly contradictory, making it difficult to differentiate the intended and unintended impacts of negative advertising. While the focus of this method of advertising is to make the competitors products look bad, but a company should not build up false content. In fact the genuine flaws in the competitors product should be highlighted and how the advertisers product is better should be focused on (Robertson, 2017). Johnson-Cartee and Copeland state that there are three modes that are used for negative advertising in the political sector. These are the direct attack ad, the direct comparison ad, and the implied comparison ad. In case of a direct attack ad, a specific party or candidate is attacked directly. The author found that this form of negative argumentation decreases the targeted candidates image and voting preference scores tremendously. In case of the direct comparison ad, both candidate and opponent are compared in terms of their experience, their records and the importance of their independent commitment (Chang, et al., 1998). According to the authors, this form of ad has the greatest impact on the voters and significantly decreases the targeted candidates evaluation. Lastly, the implied comparison ad does not feature the targeted candidate and in some cases the sponsoring party is not revealed too. These ads give some details about the sponsoring candidates position in the campaign w ithout talking about the opponent. These ads are presented in a way that it forces the viewers to start making comparisons between both candidates (Robison, 2016). The implied comparisons advertisements are not intended to be negative, but their interpretation by the viewers make them negative. These ads increase the voting preferences towards sponsoring candidate drastically. Negative advertisement has two kinds of issue appeals namely political issue appeals and personal characteristic issue appeals. Political issue appeals analyze and comment on the political standing of the candidate, the voting record, issue positions and the criminal records if any. On the other hand, personal characteristic issue appeals talk about the personal life of the candidate, their religion, sex, family background and present or past marriages. Research shows that more than 70% of viewers support negative advertising of political issue appeals as a fair comment, but do not support negative advertising of personal issue appeals (Gregory, 2015). Another author Mayer argues that this research finding cannot be considered genuine as in the course of changeability of issue positions during campaigns, it is the personal character of the candidate that would talk on his behalf. His personality will help to judge if he will fulfil his commitments once he is elected. According to him, if a candidate is free to present himself as a leader or highly moral, then the opponents should be given the right to freely contest their claims. The acceptance of political issue appeals was more among highly educated people who exhibited a better understanding of political efficacy. On the contrary, the people with low education income accepted personal issue appals due to their low levels of political efficacy and participation (Parker, 2013). Johnson-Cartee and Copeland suggested that the overall acceptance of both issues is also affected by the local political culture. Newhagen and Reeves also provided three categories of negative advertisement s namely true negative ads, where the image of the opponent is tarnished without mentioning the sponsor; the comparative ads, where the objective is to not only decrease the image of the opponent, but to increase the evaluation of the sponsor; the hope ads, where the sponsor is promoted as the person who could resolve a particular issue without bringing up the opponents name. It is evident that these three categories are very similar to the mode of negative ads recognized by Johnson-Cartee and Copeland (Lariscy, 2012). When it comes to the importance of negative advertising, Mayer argues that negative advertising is one that forces candidates to be more honest than they would otherwise be in case of absence of this form of advertising. Finkel and Geer support this view. According to them negative advertising holds great importance in democratic countries where the candidate is elected by the general public. Finkel and Geer state that the candidates should not just highlight their own accomplishments and positive character, but should also emphasize on the weakness of their opponents policies and qualifications. Every candidate has a duty to prove why he is better than the rest of the candidates and why his opponent should not be voted for (Kolovos Harris, 2015). Negative advertisement becomes a very important part of such a campaign because its not necessary that the most liked candidate shall win but the chances of the least disliked one to win are fairly high. The successfulness of this kind of advertisement was evident in the latest American Elections. Both parties launched an extremely negative advertisement campaign against each other and the less disliked one managed to win. This also proves that praising oneself does not have that significant an effect as proving your opponent to be a bad person. Mostly all advertisement consultants hold the view that negative advertisement has a stronger impact on people than positive advertisement. Republican consultant Roger stone argues that during focus groups, voters tend to say that they do not like negative ads, but the negative information is retained for far longer by people than the positive information. Democratic consultant Philip Friedman bluntly states that in most campaigns the question is raised that whose negative campaign is better. The negative campaign always works if the campaign is positive, it should be saved for the tombstone. Winston Fletcher explains that positive campaign is not very impressive as all parties are inclined towards the same goals like prosperity, peace, safe streets, removal of unemployment, poverty, illiteracy and so on. The challenge is how they plan to attain these and this complex pathway cannot be explained in an advertisement. So, rather than saying that you are capable to do it, promote that t he opponent is incapable to do it (Schemer, 2010). Talking about the unintended effects of negative advertising, a study conducted by Garramone found that voters did not believe every kind of negative advertisement. Highly educated tend to question the rationality of the comments passed in the negative advertisements. Also, the older voters perceived these advertisements to be less truthful than the younger generation of voters. Johnson-Cartee and Copeland stated three major damaging effects of using negative advertising in political campaigns. Firstly, the boomerang effect, where the negative advertisement puts a bad light on the image of the sponsor and not the target. Secondly the victim syndrome in which a negative ad is perceived as unfair by the voters and it gives rise to positive feelings towards the target (Basil Reeves, 2008). Lastly, there is the double effect, where negative ad infuses negative feelings towards both target and sponsor. The negative advertisement also influences the number of voters who turn to vote. According to Ansolabeher and Iyengar, evidence states that negative advertising discourages people to vote, whereas positive advertising has an opposite effect. Finkel and Geer contradict the findings of Ansolabeher and Iyengar and argue that negative advertising might discourage a group of voters but might stimulate another set of voters to vote by providing them more awareness about both candidates. Their findings show that there is no effect of negative ads on voter turnout. According to Kahn and Kenny, negative advertising has different effects on different people depending on political predispositions. Jamieson finally concludes that mixed advertising is the most influential type of ad when it comes to mobilizing voters. Strong attacks mostly reduce the sponsoring candidates votes as well an overall voter turnout where as contrast ads increase both. Gaps Identification and Conclusion The most important question that remains is how successful negative advertisement really is. Kellerman suggests that negative information has the capacity to change the impression of a good person more quickly than the capacity of positive information to change the impression of bad person. On the contrary, a study by Pinkelton et al proves that people found negative ads less useful than positive ads. Johnson-Cartee and Copeland found that direct attack ads might not be very effective, but direct or implied comparison ads can benefit the campaign as they give voters a fair chance to choose the better person out of the available candidates. These ads are also perceived as more genuine by the voters as compared to the direct attack ads. To conclude, I would say that due to inconsistencies in the terminology and methodology of research and boundaries of negative advertisement, it is unclear to decide if the negative advertisement is more informative than positive advertisement. Even though definite results are not clear, yet one thing that has been proven is that negative advertising holds great importance in any campaign. If this aspect is used tactfully, it can change the whole game. Negative information is retained for a longer time has been proven time and again. Using that information carefully can help the campaign greatly. The precaution to be taken here is that in the course of making the opponent look bad and magnifying his/her weaknesses, the basic ethical ground should not be lost. If that is done, the whole negative ad might just bite the sponsor back. The facts shown in negative ad should be well researched. Hypothetical claims and false accusations might lead to the failure of the campaign. Mayer and Fi nkel and Geer correctly state that truthful negative advertising is an integral part of the election campaign. The works of different authors suggest that a negative ad should not directly attack the opponent because that might get him/her sympathy votes. In fact, a clear and effective comparison should be made which not only makes the sponsor fair, but also prevents the opponent to play the victim card. Lastly, there is no definite result that proves the extent of the effectiveness of negative advertising. The content and extent of negative advertising in any campaign depends on the local political environment, demographic structure and the economic development factors like literacy rate, employment and per capita income. References Basil, M. Reeves, B., 2008. Positive and negative political advertising: Effectiveness of ads and perceptions of candidates: Academia, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/20854930/Positive_and_negative_political_advertising_Effectiveness_of_ads_and_perceptions_of_candidates Chang, W., Park, J. Shim, S., 1998. Effectiveness of Negative Political Advertising, Available at: https://www.scripps.ohiou.edu/wjmcr/vol02/2-1a.HTM Gregory, P., 2015. Comparing the Effectiveness of Positive and Negative Political Campaigns. Volume 11, Available at: https://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1311/comparing-the-effectiveness-of-positive-and-negative-political-campaigns Kolovos, I. Harris, P., 2015. Does negative advertising work?, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/29087959/Does_negative_advertising_work Lariscy, R., 2012. Why negative political ads work, Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/02/opinion/lariscy-negative-ads/index.html Parker, R., 2013. Does negative advertising work?, Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/technology/does-negative-advertising-work/ Robertson, T., 2017. Ethics of Negative Advertising, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ethics-negative-advertising-26128.html Robison, M., 2016. People say they don't like negative political ads, but do they work?, Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-negative-political-ads-work/ Schemer, C., 2010. Reinforcing Spirals of Negative Affects and Selective Attention to Advertising in a Political Campaign: NCCR, Available at: https://www.academia.edu/9344448/Reinforcing_Spirals_of_Negative_Affects_and_Selective_Attention_to_Advertising_in_a_Political_Campaign Sehba, 2016. Meaning, Objectives, and Importance of Advertising, Available at: https://www.importantindia.com/23997/meaning-objectives-and-importance-of-advertising/

Prithvi Raj Chauhan free essay sample

Prithviraj Chauhan Prithviraj Chauhan was born at Ajaymeru (Ajmer) in 1166 A. D. His father was Someshwar Chauhan and mother Karpuri Devi, a Kalachuri (Chedi) princess, daughter of Achalaraja of Tripuri. Muhammad Ghori attacked India multiple times. First time he was routed in present day Gujarat by Rajputs. Mularaja-II was not even a teen yet and his mother organized the defences of Pattan. Battle was fought at Kayadara near Mount Abu, in 1178 A. D. and Ghori was resoundingly defeated. After this defeat he never entered India through Gujarat. In first battle of Taraori in 1191 Prithviraj Chauhan’s cavalry charged and routed the Ghurid cavalry and captured Ghori.. It is Told that Prithviraj Chauhan Defeted Ghori 17 times and Ghori begged for his life and Prithviraj allowed him to go despite his generals asking him not to do so. Prithviraj Chauhan lived at Taragarh fort which was also known as Ajaymeru after which the town of Ajmer got its name. We will write a custom essay sample on Prithvi Raj Chauhan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Following year Ghori came again. Prithviraj advanced with his army and sent a letter to Ghori. In this letter Ghori was asked to return as he had been defeated the previous year and was spared his life. Ghori replied that he was in India on the orders of his brother, Ghiasuddin, and that he could only retreat after he got a word from his brother. This letter was sent in the evening and after sending the letter Ghori moved his camp back a few kilometers to feign retreat. On receiving this letter and seeing Muhammad move his camp back Prithviraj assumed that Ghori was not interested in fighting. Ghori also knew that rajputs did not fight in the night and only started fighting after sun had come up. (This is an ancient Kshatriya practice e. Mahabharata was also fought mostly in day time). Ghori treacherously attacked in the early morning hours when Prithviraj and his army were sleeping and was able to win this war The founder of the Gahadwala line was Govindchandra Gahadwala. He was an astute ruler and ruled from Kannauj. Most of North India, including the university town of Nalanda was a part of his kingdom. He stoutly defended his kingdom from further Muslims incursions. He institute d a tax for this purpose which was called Turushka Danda (i. e. tax to fight the Turushkas or Turks). His grandson was Jaichandra Gahadwala (Rathod) who played a tragic role in Indian History. The Story of Prithviraj Chouhan and Mahmud Ghori In Jaichand’s days, a rival Rajput clan had established itself in Delhi (Pithoragarh). The ruler there was Prithviraj Chouhan. Pritiviraj was a romantic, chivalrous and an extremely fearless person. After ceaseless military campaigns, Pritiviraj extended his original kingdom of Sambhar (Shakambara) to Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Eastern Punjab. He ruled from his twin capitals at Delhi and Ajmer. His fast rise caught the envy of the then powerful ruler Jaichandra Gahadwala and there was a lot of ill-feeling between the two. Prithiviraj’s Love for Sanyogita – Jaichandra’s Daughter The story of Prithviraj’s bold exploits spread far and wide in the country and he was the center of much discussion in the circle of the nobility. Sanyogita, the daughter of Jaichandra Gahadwala fell secretly in love with Prithiviraj and she started a secret poetic correspondence with him. Her father the haughty Jaichandra got wind of this and he decided to teach his daughter and her upstart lover a lesson. So he arranged a Swayamwara (a ceremony where a bride can select her husband from the assembled princes. She had the right to garland any prince and she became his queen. This is an ancient Hindu custom among Royalty). Jaichandra invited all the big and small princes of the country to Kannauj for the royal Swayamwara. But he deliberately ignored Prithiviraj. To add insult to injury, he even made a statue of Prithiviraj and kept him as a dwarpala (doorman). The Elopement of Sanyogita with Prithviraj Prithviraj got to know of this and he confided his plans to his lover. On the said day, Sanyogita walked down the aisle where the royals had assembled and bypassed all of them only to reach the door and garland the statue of Pritiviraj as a doorman. The assemblage was stunned at this brash act of hers. But what stunned them and her father Jaichandra was the next thing that happened. Prithiviraj who was hiding behind the statue, also in the garb of a doorman, whisked Sanyogita away and put her up on his steed to make a fast getaway to his capital at Delhi Chouhan-Rathore Warfare Leads to Weakening of both Rajput Kingdoms Jaichandra and his army gave earnest chase and in the resultant string of battles between the two kingdoms fought between 1189 and 1190, both of them sufferred heavily. While this drama was being enacted, another ruler also named Mahmud who was from Ghori in Afghanistan had grown powerful and had captured Ghazni and subsequently attacked the Ghaznavid Governor of Punjab and defeated him. The kingdom of Mahmud Ghori now stretched up to the domains of Prithiviraj Chouhan. A clash was inevitable

Pope Urban Ii Essays - Crusades, Christianization, Invasions

Pope Urban Ii Essays - Crusades, Christianization, Invasions Pope Urban Ii Pope Urban II had called the Christians to join him in a Holy War to reclaim the Holy Lands as an act of Christianity, but there were many activities that took place that werent characteristics of Christianity. The Crusades were a smokescreen for Popes craving for power and control. The Crusades were the idea of Pope Urban II, a wise Frenchman. On November 18, 1095 AD, Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. Nine days later, the Pope made a very important speech just outside the French city of Clermont-Ferrand. In his speech, he asked the people to help the Christians effort to restore peace to the East. The Crusades had originally been to help the Churches in the East, but the now it was to reclaim the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem from the Muslims. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 in hopes of providing leadership for the First Crusaders. Urban had originally hoped for the crusading army to be composed of mostly knights and other warriors, but his speech had already began spreading throughout the west, and many people of different social classes started joining the crusading army. (Foss, Michael. pg. 23) Because of this Urban lost all control of the army, which led to the slaughter of Jews in northern France. These poor people also caused strain on the armies supplies and discipline. They were never trained and they were poor, so they couldnt bring anything and were poorly disciplined(Foss, Michael. pg. 24). The entire crusading army had planned on reaching the city of Constantinople, but because of their lack of supplies and training the vast majority of them were slaughtered before they got there. The few troops that did reach Constantinople split up into two groups. One group tried to capture Nicaea, a key city that blocked the road of their supply routes. This group was unsuccessful. The other group was attacked near the city of Civetot in October. The few survivors retreated to Constantinople and joined the second wave of Crusaders. (Phillips, Jonathan. pg. 59) Religious beliefs were a major motive of the crusaders. In Urbans speech to the people of Clermont-Ferrand, Urban guaranteed the complete forgiveness of all sins to any crusader that lost his life in the name of the Crusades. Urban also proclaimed It is necessary that you bring to your brothers in the East the help so often promised and so urgently needed. They have been attacked, as many of you know, by Turks and Arabs... Churches have been destroyed and the countryside laid waste. If you do not make a stand against the enemy now, the

The History of Pencils, Markers, Pens, and Erasers

The History of Pencils, Markers, Pens, and Erasers Ever wonder how your favorite writing implement was invented? Read on to learn about the history of pencils, erasers, sharpeners, markers, highlighters and gel pens and see who invented and patented these writing instruments. Pencil History Graphite is a form of carbon, first discovered in the Seathwaite Valley on the side of the mountain Seathwaite Fell in Borrowdale, near Keswick, England, sometime around 1564 by an unknown person. Shortly after this, the first pencils were made in the same area. The breakthrough in pencil technology came when French chemist Nicolas Conte developed and patented the process used to make pencils in 1795. He used a mixture of clay and graphite that was fired before it was put in a wooden case. The pencils he made were cylindrical with a slot. The square lead was glued into the slot, and a thin strip of wood was used to fill the rest of the slot. Pencils got their name from the old English word meaning brush. Contes method of kiln firing powdered graphite and clay allowed pencils to be made to any hardness or softness - which was very important to artists and draftsmen. In 1861, Eberhard Faber built the first pencil factory in the United States in New York City. Eraser History Charles Marie de la Condamine, a French scientist and explorer, was the first European to bring back the natural substance called India rubber. He brought a sample to the Institute de France in Paris in 1736. South American Indian tribes used rubber to making bouncing playing balls and as an adhesive for attaching feathers and other objects to their bodies. In 1770, the noted scientist Sir Joseph Priestley (discoverer of oxygen) recorded the following, I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black lead pencil. Europeans were rubbing out pencil marks with the small cubes of rubber, the substance that Condamine had brought to Europe from South America. They called their erasers peaux de negres. However, rubber was not an easy substance to work with because it went bad very easily - just like food, rubber would rot. English engineer Edward Naime is also credited with the creation of the first eraser in 1770. Before rubber, breadcrumbs had been used to erase pencil marks. Naime claims he accidentally picked up a piece of rubber instead of his lump of bread and discovered the possibilities. He went on to sell the new rubbing out devices, or rubbers. In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered a way to cure rubber and make it a lasting and useable material. He called his process vulcanization, after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. Goodyear patented his process in 1844. With the better rubber available, erasers became quite common. The first patent for attaching an eraser to a pencil was issued in 1858 to a man from Philadelphia named Hyman Lipman. This patent was later held to be invalid because it was merely the combination of two things, without a new use. History of the Pencil Sharpener At first, penknives were used to sharpen pencils. They got their name from the fact that they were first used to shape feather quills used as early pens. In 1828, French mathematician Bernard Lassimone applied for a patent (French patent #2444) on an invention to sharpen pencils. However, it was not until 1847 that Therry des Estwaux first invented the manual pencil sharpener as we know it. John Lee Love of Fall River, Massachusetts designed the Love Sharpener. Loves invention was the very simple, portable pencil sharpener that many artists use. The pencil is put into the opening of the sharpener and rotated by hand, and the shavings stay inside the sharpener. Loves sharpener was patented on November 23, 1897 (U.S. Patent # 594,114). Four years earlier, Love created and patented his first invention, the Plasterers Hawk. This device, which is still used today, is a flat square piece of board made of wood or metal, upon which plaster or mortar was placed and then spread by plasterers or masons. This was patented on July 9, 1895. One source claims that the Hammacher Schlemmer Company of New York offered the worlds first electric pencil sharpener designed by Raymond Loewy, sometime in the early 1940s. History of Markers and Highlighters The first marker was probably the felt tip marker, created in the 1940s. It was mainly used for labeling and artistic applications. In 1952, Sidney Rosenthal began marketing his Magic Marker which consisted of a glass bottle that held ink and a wool felt wick. By 1958, marker use was becoming common, and people used it for lettering, labeling, marking packages, and creating posters. Highlighters and fine-line markers were first seen in the 1970s. Permanent markers also became available around this time. Superfine-points and dry erase markers gained popularity in the 1990s. The modern fiber tip pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan in 1962. The Avery Dennison Corporation trademarked Hi-Liter ® and Marks-A-Lot ® in the early 90s. The Hi-Liter ® pen, commonly known as a highlighter, is a marking pen which overlays a printed word with a transparent color, leaving it legible and emphasized. In 1991 Binney Smith introduced a redesigned Magic Marker line that included highlighters and permanent markers.  In 1996, fine point Magic Marker II DryErase markers were introduced for detailed writing and drawing on  whiteboards, dry erase boards, and glass surfaces. Gel Pens Gel Pens were invented by the Sakura Color Products Corp. (Osaka, Japan), which makes Gelly Roll pens and was the company that invented gel ink in 1984. The gel ink uses pigments suspended in a water-soluble polymer matrix. They are not transparent like conventional inks, according to Debra A. Schwartz. According to Sakura, Years of research resulted in the 1982 introduction of Pigma ®, the first water-based pigment ink ... Sakuras revolutionary Pigma inks evolved to become the first Gel Ink Rollerball launched as the Gelly Roll pen in 1984. Sakura also invented a new drawing material which combined oil and pigment. CRAY-PAS ®, the first oil pastel, was introduced in 1925.

The Ideas in Sandra Cisneross Only Daughter and Deborah Tannens Sex, Essay

The Ideas in Sandra Cisneross Only Daughter and Deborah Tannens Sex, Lies, and Conversation - Essay Example The purpose of gender plays different roles within Cisneros’s and Tannen’s pieces. Cisneros makes a big deal that she was the only daughter of a family of seven children. She desperately wanted to have her father be proud of what she did: writing. â€Å"I wanted my father to understand what it was I was scribbling, to introduce me as ‘My only daughter, the writer.’ Not as ‘This is only my daughter. She teaches.’ Es maestra— teacher. Not even profesora.† †¨ The structure of Cisneros’s story is short and to the point. The purpose of the essay is to show how Cisneros’s professional development progressed from being basically an unknown writer to, ten years later, having had a lot of success as a writer. The purpose of gender in Tannen’s essay is to show the difference in communication patterns between men and women. â€Å"The communication problems that endanger marriage can't be fixed by mechanical enginee ring. They require a new conceptual framework about the role of talk in human relationships.† Essentially, Tannen is saying we need to be able to rework the role of conversation between men and women. The structure of the essay begins by Tannen telling a story about how women talk less in public than in men. The purpose of the essay was to draw attention to why this mix-up in communications causes divorces. The explanation for the purpose of gender in these two essays is completely different betwixt the two—and the opposite sex (men) is mentioned in Cisneros’s piece but not nearly as much as in Tannen’s. The structure of the essays were different in that Cisneros’s piece was short and Tannen’s long. Both essays had a common purpose, however, which was to see the value in womens’ contributions. III. The Outcomes From the Two Stories ? The outcome from Sandra Cisneros’s story was her professional development. â€Å"Last year, aft er ten years of writing professionally, the financial rewards started to trickle in. My second National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship. A guest professorship at the University of California, Berkeley. My book, which sold to a major New York publishing house.†3 The outcome for Tannen was talking about what bound women together: conversation. â€Å"For women, as for girls, intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven.†4 The explanation that draws a line in the sand between these two different pieces is that Sandra Cisneros is talking about how she, as a writer, overcame her struggles in order to become a writer and to ultimately make her father proud—which was the sole greatest achievement that Cisneros found?worthwhile to achieve. The main attraction of Tannen’s article is that she is talking about how gender differences severely impair relationships and lead to divorce. In terms of theme, the outcomes from these two storied essays are vastly different. In fact, Tannen’s assertion at the end of her piece that people who cannot work things out should just get divorced, makes all of her prior assertions about relationships seem invalid—because she is advocating divorce. This proves that she doesn’t really value the male-female relationship enough to want to preserve it—

No Interruption Zone on Medication Safety in Intensive Care Units Research Paper

No Interruption Zone on Medication Safety in Intensive Care Units - Research Paper Example Furthermore, the review supports the needs of the   study which is mainly medicinal errors that occur in the intensive care unit due to interruptions among the nurses.   This is evident, in the illustrations provided in the review under objective one medication errors and incidence in the intensive care unit.    The   second objective provides reviews on the strategies that can be used to reduce medication errors in the intensive care unit. A research design is a strategy, a plan or road map for planning and conducting any study (Borg, 2003).   In this research, the study measured the various interruptions that affected the nurses during the preparation stage in the intensive care unit. This study used   quasi-experimental   design to observe   and to compare the number of interruptions in medication preparation process.  The variables were; the dependent variable a nurse preparation on   medication for administration at one of the medication preparation areas and independent variable were the Interruption that interrupts the nurse in the preparation process. The study mainly used the nurses within the intensive care unit and their patients as the study sample.   Quasi Experimental design   is the most appropriate design   for the study. In   this design, the researcher studies the effect of the treatment on the intact groups rather than being able to randomly assign participants to the experimental or control groups.   

Discuss briefly the advantages Essay Example for Free

Discuss briefly the advantages Essay Вisadvantages of using your chosen analytical frameworks (both buyer behavior and IMC) in the development of your analysis and strategy While developing the strategy we have used both the consumer behavior model and the SOSTAC decision making model and thus we can now come up with both the advantages and disadvantages of the two concepts. First of all when starting with the disadvantages we see that the consumer behavior model works best if we take it theoretically however, when we take it up to the practical level, there are many problems that a management faces in order to judge the consumers behavior based on the theoretical model. First of all the theoretical model is basically a general model and as we know that no two human brains in a world are alike, thus not all consumers may think alike. There can be so many psychological processes going on in human minds that they are not conscious which makes it very difficult for decision makers to have full information about the consumers. Also there are a lot of different combinations of decisions and preferences that a consumer might take into account when going for a decision and the consumer behavior model takes a general approach to address a specific set of combinations and thus decisions makers can be wrong at a lot of times. In addition, the factor of compulsive buying is a very vast concept and cannot be taken into account in depth by all means because this concept refers to such a behavior of a consumer that the consumer himself can keep away from this attitude. If a consumer would have known how to get rid off of his compulsive buying attitude then the consumer would not go for a product due to such a behavior at the first(Bloch 1986). Therefore how can we generalize the effects of such a behavior? Isn’t it possible that there might be some logical reasons behind such a behavior that we as marketers are not aware due to lack of information? Coming on to the advantages side, the consumer behavior model and decision making model such as Sostac have been very helpful for us and to any marketing in order to devise a marketing strategy. These models and sequential processes help us identify the different segments and targets in market to a very good extent rather than making guesses through hit and trial method. Even if we consider them guesses, still these guesses and expectations are quite calculated with the help of these models. Moreover by using the consumer behavior model a company can come up with different marketing options for different target markets and segments keeping in mind several consumer traits, buying behavior and combinations that they tend to make. Also a SOSTAC model enables us to first analyze our current position of the business. This is important because without knowing the strengths and weaknesses of a company, marketers will take a great deal of risk by throwing out is product in the market just like that. The SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and the Communication tool analysis has helped us how we can actually market our product keeping in mind a number of external factors such as social factors, means of communication, economical factors and etc.marketing for a Lamborghini is quite different from marketing a soda therefore a lot of insight has to be taken into account in order to come up with the best marketing for the luxurious and expensive Lamborghini SUV (Dhar 1997). Bibliography: 1. Altaner. (2000). Dot Com Deals. Sun-Sentinel. 2. Alba, J. (1987). Dimensions of Consumer Expertise. Journal of Consumer Research 3. Alba, J. (1987). The effect of frequency knowledge on consumer decision making. Journal of Consumer research 4. Assael, H (2003). Consumer Behavior: A Strategic Approach. : Houghton Mifflin Company 5. Bettman, J. (1975). Issues in designing consumer information environments. Journal of Consumers Research. 2, 169-177. 6. Bettman, J. (1975). Issues in designing consumer information environments. Journal of Consumers Research. 2, 169-177. 7. Bloch, P. (1986). Consumer Search an Extended Framework. Journal of Consumer Research. 13, 119-126. 8. Braus, P. (1990). What is a good Service? American Demographics. 9. Bettman, J (1979). An information Processing Theory of consumer choice. : Addison- Wesley 10. Blackwell, R, Minard, P Engel, F (2005). Consumer Behavior (McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series in Marketing). : South-Western College Pub 11. Dhar, R. (1997). Consumer Preference for No-Choice Option. Journal of Consumer Research. 24. 12. Hawkins, D (2003). Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy (McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series in Marketing. : McGraw-Hill College 13. Hoyer, W (2003). Consumer Behavior Third Edition. : Houghton Mifflin Company. 14. Shiffman, L (2006). Consumer Behavior. : Prentice Hall 15. Hawkins, D (2008). Consumer Behavior. : McGraw Hill Higher Education 16. Hawkins, D (2003). Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy. 8th ed. : McGraw-Hill/Irwin 17. Kolligian, G. (1991). Brands are a companies most important Assets. Marketing News. 18. Kirmani, A. (1993). A consumer side experimental examination of signaling theory: Do consumers Perceive warranties as signals of quality. Journal of Consumer research. 19. Moner, K. (1973). Buyers’ subjective perceptions of price. Journal of Marketing Research. 10, 73-80. 20. MacKenzie, S. (1986). The role of attention in mediating the effect of advertising on attribute importance. Journal of Consumer Research. 13 ( ), 174-195. 21. Macmillan, I. (1997). Discovering new points of differentiation. Harvard Business Review. 22. Mittal, B (2006). Consumer Behavior: How Humans Think, Feel, and Act in the Marketplace. : INP 23. Peter, P (2004). Consumer Behavior (McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series in Marketing). : McGraw-Hill 24. Roberts, J. (2000). Developing new rules for new markets. Journal of the academy of marketing Science. 28, 31-41. 25. Rao, A. How to fight a price war. Harvard business review 26. Sirininivasa, N. (1991). An empirical Test of a model of external search for automobiles. Journal of Consumer Research. 18 27. Sujan, M. (1985). Consumer Knowledge: effects on evaluation strategies mediating consumer judgments. Journal of Consumer research. 28. Solomon, M (2008). Consumer Behavior in Fashion. : Prentice Hall 29. Solomon, M (2003). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being, 6th Edition. 8th ed. : Pearson/Prentice Hall. 30. Woodside, A. (1992). Finding out why consumers shop your store and buy your brand: automatic cognitive processing models of primary choice. Journal of advertizing research. 32, 59-78. 31. Wrieght, P. (1973). Use of Consumer Judgment Models in Promotion Planning. Journal of Marketing.

The Gothic Genre and What it Entails Essay -- Gothic Criticism

"The invaluable works of our elder writers re driven into neglect by frantic novels, sickly and stupid German Tragedies, and deluges of idle and extravagant stories in verse. The human mind is capable of being excited without the application of gross and violent stimulants.." William Wordsworth, Preface to The Lyrical Ballads, 1802. "..Phantasmagoric kind of fiction, whatever one may think of it, is not without merit: 'twas the inevitable result of revolutionary shocks throughout Europe thus to compose works of interest, one had to call on the aid of Hell itself, and to find things familiar in the world of make believe.." Marquis (Donatien Alphonse) de Sade, "Reflections on the Novel.", 1800. Gothic literature has been an area of critical contention since Horace Walpole's seminal Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto, was published in 1764. Although vilified by much of the contemporary press the Gothic had its champions, many of whom were also its practitioners including Walpole, the subsequent generation's Anne Radcliffe and the Marquis de Sade who had his own brand of highly sexualized Gothic. Despite these voices, Gothic was still a marginalised genre in its incipient days, at least in the bulk of critical writing (this is the view of most contemporary historical overviews e.g.: Sage, Botting, Kilgour). Many critics writing at the time of the Romantic Gothic (i.e: Gothic written during the arbitrary period of Romanticism) considered such novels to be sensationalist, trashy and "completely expurgated of any of the higher qualities of mind" (Peacock quoted in Sage, 11). I think this is an unfair judgemen... ...------------------------------------ [1] Most quality Gothic books are likewise referential or intertextual. Frankenstein draws on a rich lineage of Romantic favourites from Milton to Goethe through Godwin up to Percy Shelley. It is from these books the monster learns his culture thus his humanity. Melmoth has frequent allusions to contemporary romance e.g.: "Romances have made one familiar with tales of subterranean passages and supernatural horrors." (Maturin, 191). [2] The same thing occurs in Pier Paolo Pasolini's film version of 120 Days via the use of altered lighting, camera angles and wall paintings to the subtle distortion of the physical surroundings. [3] The Midnight Bell by Francis Lathom. David Punter, in The Literature of Terror, refers to it as one of a "morass" that "flooded the market" (114).

The Great Gatsby: How It Applies to Modern Society

The Great Gatsby: How it Applies to Modern Society The people in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby are very alike the people in our generation today. They’re alike in the way they depict racism, irresponsibility, and corruption. The two generations however; also share people who display integrity and honesty. The two generations show irresponsibility and corruption through many characters like Myrtle, Meyer Wolfshiem and Tom. After Myrtle bought the dog she had taken no care after the dog. She never walked it, didn’t consistently feed it, and the dog was later found lying around by himself.Tom was irresponsible and prejudice towards other races which were different from his own. His Irresponsibility was shown when he was having an affair with Myrtle and not staying faithful to Daisy. Tom’s prejudice was revealed when he said â€Å"nowadays people being by sneering at family life and family institutions and next they’ll throw everything o verboard and have intermarriage between black and white. † In today’s society it seems like it’s every other day where someone is discriminated against because they are thought to be inferior for skin color, religion, etc.Also during the roaring 20’s there was many gangs and mob leaders like the terrorizing Al Capone who were corrupt with power. He was a racketeer who had many wars with other gangs. Today there is also a lot of gang violence going on today between all sorts of different cliques and they all search for the power that Al Capone once had. Even though there are a significant amount of people who are irresponsible and discriminate there are also a large number of people who act with integrity and help others with enormous generosity.Everyone was first afraid of Gatsby because they thought he was a killer but turns out he was a compassionate man. When Nick says â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd, you’re worth the whole damn bunch put to gether† you feel the same towards him because his love for Daisy was very important to him. He takes the blame for Daisy killing Myrtle even though he knows he can be taken away to jail for the rest of his life. There are people still today that will fight for their friends because friendship is vowed to be very important in the life of very human. As you can see the adult’s shown in the Great Gatsby (1920’s) are similar to the adults that live today. Many portray racism and are irresponsible; however they are also many who act with honesty, integrity and compassion. I believe the two generations are similar for the common traits they share. Because there is a century between these two generations many would believe that a lot of change has undergone but in reality not much change has happened. Everything around the people has changed but them as people have not.

The Great War

1) What were the three blunders? germany attacking france with all their forces to east of paris where they were stopped dead at battle of Marne France threw all their best troops against germany; and didnà ¢t have enough strenghth to follow up Russia didnà ¢t know what to do once they were at germany and had no plans for defending the land they occupied 2) Trace the advance of the German, Austrian and Russian armed forces in the east The Germans advanced into Russia, the Russians advanced into Austria, and then the armies of the three powers paused for the winter 3) How did the great European powers fee their men , money, and munitions into the Western and Eastern fronts? Russia was human reservoir, the governments raised taxes and borrowed money to spend on the soldiers and geared their industries to the new markets of human destruction and turned out weapons 4) a. What was the à ¢delivery systemà ¢ of the European armies? the railway network of Europe b. Describe the challenges of this à ¢delivery systems.à ¢ Before the railway system brought people of Europe closer together in peaceful trade, now held them fast in war; the generals demand more men, more guns, and more shells to hammer the enemy 5) What battle patterns did generals follow on the Western front? The two sides, each made up of millions of men, confronted each other below ground level 6) a. Why did Turkey enter the war? Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany and Austia, with the intention of halting Russian expansion around the black sea b. What was the purpose of the first campaign at Gallipoli? Gallipoli campaigne was intended to force a way through the straits of the Dardanelles into the black sea c. What was the purpose of the second and third campaigns the second was to win control of oil supplies, the third was to help arabs in a revolt against their Turkish rulers d. What was the purpose of the Sykes-Picot agreement in 1916? the British and French governments planned to divide much of the middle east between them with little thought for the interest of the Arabs 7) How did Britain and France entice

The Policy of Fair Chance in Organ Transplant

The Policy of Fair Chance in Organ Transplant Since human organs are very expensive and scarce, the circumstances surrounding successful organ transplant that does not follow an ethical criteria raises more questions than answers. Since the organs are very few and expensive, it is obvious that not many people in need will be able to acquire them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policy of â€Å"Fair Chance† in Organ Transplant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, if finding an organ for transplant were determined by the patient, then only the rich would benefit from organ transplant. To avoid biasness, the United Network for Organ Sharing unified lists of surgery patients and suggested allocation criteria. Another alternative is for each transplant centre to keep its own wait list based on UNOS criteria. From the case study, it is vivid that Krimptiz’s quest for and eventual success in getting a liver transplant is unethical since it violat es UNOS allocation criteria. This essay reflects on this situation and illustrates how this procedure failed to meet expectations. The UNOS selection criteria recommend the use of a list of organ transplant patients according to the urgency of the transplant needed. The criteria also requires that â€Å"one gets a quick transplant only if there are no other patients near that transplant centre in a more urgent situation† (Moon, 2002). Krampitz and his wife avoided the criteria because he knew that there are more urgent cases than his. The case reports that there were 17000 patients requiring similar transplant, of which more than a thousand came from his place. He therefore used media to get a willing liver donor. Reflecting on this issue, one can justifiably conclude that Kramptitz’s transplant was unethical since it ignored the plight of other patients who were probably in a worse condition than his. Prior to the transplant, Krampitz’s case did not make any ur gency considerations. It reveals that even though he genuinely needed a liver transplant, his case was not as serious as others’. Some patients in a similar condition were near to death than he really was. Besides, it is evident that his cancerous state was so serious that making a transplant work for him was impossible (Caplan, 2004). In other words there was a high likelihood that the kidney transplant would fail. Knowing well that there were so many other patients out there whose transplant had no fatal complications like his, it was quite unethical for Krampitz’s doctor making the liver transplant.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Knowing that UNOS criteria would delay his quest for an immediate surgery, Krampitz decides to use non medical criteria to get a liver for his transplant. He uses ads, television and other means to inform the public about his conditio n and invite any well wisher to donate their liver (Caplan, 2004). One could argue that through ads, they could convince more people to donate and help other patients in a similar condition but this is not true. Their primary goal was to convince a family to donate a liver directly to Krampitz instead of a transplant center. Based on this, one can justifiably conclude that this move was unethical since it was based on personal interest. In addition, it neglected the policy of â€Å"fair chance† in getting a liver for transplant. Krampitz’s quest and eventual success in getting a liver transplant is unethical. It neglects the UNOS organ allocation criteria by cutting the line. It is also egocentric because it is based on personal interest and neglects other patients in a more critical condition. Munson (2002, 56), states that for organ distributive justice to prevail, people should follow the UNOS allocation criteria or use non medical criteria beneficial to all patient s in a similar condition. References Caplan, A. (2004). Cutting in line for Organ Transplants. Web. Moon, L. (2002). Organ Allocation. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policy of â€Å"Fair Chance† in Organ Transplant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Munson, R. (2002). Raising the Dead. New York: Oxford University Press.

Analysis of The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin

Analysis of The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour  by American author Kate Chopin is a mainstay of feminist literary study. Originally published in 1894, the story documents the complicated reaction of Louise Mallard upon learning of her husbands death. It is difficult to discuss The Story of an Hour without addressing the ironic ending. If you havent read the story yet, you might as well, as its only about 1,000 words. The Kate Chopin International Society is kind enough to provide a free, accurate version. At the Beginning, News That Will Devastate  Louise At the beginning of the story, Richards and Josephine believe they must break the news of Brently Mallards death to Louise Mallard as gently as possible. Josephine informs her in broken sentences; veiled hints that revealed in half concealing. Their assumption, not an unreasonable one, is that this unthinkable news will be devastating to Louise and will threaten  her weak heart. A Growing Awareness of Freedom Yet something even more unthinkable lurks in this story: Louises growing awareness of the freedom she will have without Brently. At first, she doesnt consciously allow herself to think about this freedom. The knowledge reaches her wordlessly and symbolically, via the open window through which she sees the open square in front of her house. The repetition of the word open emphasizes possibility and a lack of restrictions. Patches of Blue Sky Amid the Clouds The scene is full of energy  and hope. The trees are all aquiver with the new spring of life, the delicious breath of rain is in the air, sparrows are twittering, and Louise can hear someone singing a song in the distance. She can see patches of blue sky amid the clouds. She observes these patches of blue sky without registering what they might mean. Describing Louises gaze, Chopin writes, It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought. If she had been thinking intelligently, social norms might have prevented her from such a heretical recognition. Instead, the world offers her veiled hints that she slowly pieces together without even realizing she is doing so. A Force Is Too Powerful to Oppose In fact, Louise resists the impending awareness, regarding it fearfully. As she begins to realize what it is, she strives to beat it back with her will. Yet its force is too powerful to oppose. This story can be uncomfortable to read because, on the surface, Louise seems to be glad that her husband has died. But that isnt quite accurate. She thinks of Brentlys kind, tender hands and the face that had never looked save with love upon her, and she recognizes that she has not finished weeping for him. Her Desire for Self-Determination But his death has made her see something she hasnt seen before and might likely never have seen if he had lived: her desire for self-determination. Once she allows herself to recognize her approaching freedom, she utters the word free over and over again, relishing it. Her fear and her uncomprehending stare are replaced by acceptance and excitement. She looks forward to years to come that would belong to her absolutely. She Would Live for Herself In one of the most important passages of the story, Chopin describes Louises vision of self-determination. Its not so much about getting rid of her husband as it is about being entirely in charge of her own life, body and soul. Chopin writes: There would be no one to live for her during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a will upon a fellow-creature. Note the phrase men and women. Louise never catalogs  any specific offenses Brently has committed against her; rather, the implication seems to be that marriage can be stifling for both parties. The Irony of Joy That Kills When Brently Mallard enters the house alive and well in the final scene, his appearance is utterly ordinary. He is a little travel-stained, composedly carrying his grip-sack and umbrella. His mundane appearance contrasts greatly with Louises feverish triumph and her walking down the stairs like a goddess of Victory. When the doctors determine that Louise died of heart disease of joy that kills, the reader immediately recognizes the irony. It seems clear that her shock was not joy over her husbands survival, but rather distress over losing her cherished, newfound freedom. Louise did briefly experience joy the joy of imagining herself in control of her own life. And it was the removal of that intense joy that led to her death.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example The researcher of this essay aims to analyze that nevertheless, the present business environment needs to examine the cost of implementing the activities so that it does not exceed the budget. The activities should be monitored so that appropriate data is collected for balancing the different operations of the organization. The actions of the managers have a respective impact on stakeholders (Banerjee, 2011; Panwar, et. al., 2008; Schwartz, 2011). The main aims of the paper are to decipher the importance of CSR against the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and provide a detailed discussion regarding different stakeholder groups. The report also examines different stakeholders of Coca-Cola CSR, sustainability and GRI.Coca-Cola Company is the largest beverage company in the world, whose main goal is to refresh its customers with soft drinks. The portfolio of the company consists of 16 billion dollar brands that include Fanta, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, Powerade, Minute Maid and Del Val le (Coca-Cola Company, 2013). The company has gained recognition globally by providing sparkling beverages and ready-to-drinks and juice drinks to the customers. The sustainability framework of the company is divided into three parts: Me, We and World. It is the shared vision, which highlights that the company works together with the stakeholders to add value and create the positive difference for the communities and customers that they serve. â€Å"Me† aims at improving the personal well being of company and customers (Coca-Cola Company, 2013; The Coca-Cola Company, 2015a). The company offers low or even no-calorie beverages in the market, which helps the individuals to stay fit and healthy. Coca-Cola also organizes physical activity programs for the population, where they operate. It also provides transparent information regarding the nutritional value of the products on the front side of the bottle.

Analysis of a Production chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis of a Production chain - Essay Example The stages are however not exhaustive. In spite of the goodness of the resultant globalisation due to spreading of the production chain across the globe, it renders labour a face-less force thus lacking in ethics and human values which are important ingredients for motivation. The objective of this paper is to examine what production chain is and how it has transformed over the years within the context of globalisation. The outline of the analysis will be definition of the supply chain, its components, and the production chain as one of them. An industry will be studied for the purpose of learning how a production chain will operate. Further, the purpose of the supply chain and how globalisation has impacted the production chain and the emerging ethical issues will also be examined. Supply chain describes or portrays the logistic flow of materials from front end to back end of a firm. At the front-end is the raw material supplier and at the back-end is the customer. In between, there are manufacturing, transportation and distribution. . The supply chain management aims at a seamless flow of materials through these links so that maximum efficiency is achieved through what is known as logistics. Supply chain has much to do with its management rather than knowing what the supply chain is since the links have been there ever since businesses started. Only it has now been scientifically stated as links mainly for the purpose of their management. As stated, it starts with raw material supplier who supplies material to the manufacturing firm which in turn transfers the manufactured product to the transporters known as logistical support who ultimately delivers it to the consumer through wholesaler and retailer. These are entities playing integral roles in supply chain of the manufacturer in the chain. For him, it is the flow of materials from front-end i.e the raw material supplier and back-end, i.e the consumer. In reality it is not as

China's Air pollution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

China's Air pollution - Term Paper Example In this situation, China is faced with a major debate. The country is one of the highest contributors of environmental pollution; particularly the air. The air is an important part of human life and it is an established belief that the microscopic particles that people inhale while breathing can potentially cause serious damage to their health. The amount of damage is dependent on the level of concentration of pollutants in the air. These pollutants are emitted in to the environment through various industrial and economic activities, which in turn increases the concentration level of pollutants in the air. There are a number of factors that affect the relationship between emission of pollutants and their concentration in the air. However, it is a commonly agreed notion that the emissions are an outcome of increased level of industrial activities in the economy, or in other words, the level of development activities that take place in the economy (Matus, et al., â€Å"Health Damages from Air Pollution in China†). Among the factors affecting the level of pollution in the air, site is very important. Certain places are the key source of emission; such as the center of the cities, and exclusive industrial belts. These areas are most populous; increased proximity to these regions affects meteorological conditions more than the other areas in the country, which in turn determines the extent of environmental damage. Secondly, the characteristics of the source such as the emission temperature and the velocity of emission affect the rate at which level of air pollution increases. Thirdly, physical dimension of the pollutant particles interferes in the level of impact cast on health condition of human beings. Hence the particle size of matter is an important factor in determining air pollution in the country. Not only are the humans sufferers of this environmental condition, other animals are also adversely affected in this environmental degradation (Ho, â€Å"Ai r pollution in China†). The Economic reform China’s economy has been reflecting massive growth rates since the past two decades. During this period China has undergone economic reforms and is now considered one of the world’s fastest growing economies. The per capita income of the citizens in the country has been growing at the astonishing rate of 9% in 2011 (Mendez, â€Å"Chinese Economic Development and Pollution†). China has been ranked as the third largest country that take part in the international trade. It comes immediately after United States of America and Japan. This economic reform in the country is the main reason that has pushed China to the position in the international sphere. Increasing importance of the economy in world trade has transformed the economy into a global powerhouse. There has been emergence of new factories and overall rate of productive activities in the country has rocketed. These industries obtain their primary supply of en ergy from the reserves of coal possessed by China. Energy is produced by burning this coal, which emits huge amount of carbon particles in the air. This implies that urbanization and development of the Chinese economy has also led it on the path of making significant contribution towards degradation of the environment.

Participative Management Essay Example for Free

Participative Management Essay In the corporate world, management style has shifted from scientific management to participatory management. While scientific principles of management underlines communication, leadership and participation , participatory management is anchored on the need for quality management, good relationship with the workers, building teams and integrated organizational structures. Research has shown that the following benefits can be accrued from participatory management. Firstly, it can result to the decline in absenteeism and turnover while enhancing attraction and retention of workers since they have a feeling of ownership in the organization. It also promotes effective and efficient conveyance of information between the management and the employee at all levels in the organization. (Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 16). Elsewhere, it makes everyone to feel a stake order in the decision making process. Additionally, it reduces the cases of internal disagreements and wrangles since the workers interact without suspicion and consider each other a brother/sister. Participative management helps to widen the scope of skills of the staff and enhances innovations and designing of efficient ways and procedures for tasks. Finally, it motivates and gives job satisfaction to the workers ((Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 29). On the other hand, participatory management has some demerits that have been evident in organizations which have implemented it. To begin with, most employees do not accept the responsibility of making decision for the organizations and instead they like being told what to do. At the same time, some of the workers are illiterate and not versed with the tasks of the organization hence they require training. Others demand pay if included in decision making. It requires the participation of many people thus making decision making to go slow resulting to inefficiency (Yeatts, Hyten, 1998, p. 37). In conclusion therefore, participatory management is of great benefit to both private and public sectors. It is the best for the newly founded organizations towards struggle for their survival through competitive advantages.

The Role Catalysts In Chemical Reactions, Their Importance In Industry

The Role Catalysts In Chemical Reactions, Their Importance In Industry, Problems and New Developments OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE SCHOOLS EXAMINATION BOARD. General Certificate Examination - Advanced Level Chemistry (Salters') - Paper 3 mock. ROBERT TAYLOR U6JW. A Catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a reaction. The catalyst remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. The process is called catalysis. In this report I aim going to explain the role of catalysts in chemical reactions and their importance in industry. I will also outline the problems associated with the use of some catalysts and discuss, using appropriate examples, new developments in this area which will help reduce damage to the environment. The process of catalysis is essential to the modern day manufacturing industry. Ninety per cent, over a trillion dollars' worth, of manufactured items are produced with the help of catalysts every year. It is therefore logical that scientists are constantly searching for new improved catalysts which will improve efficiency or produce a greater yield. An acidic catalyst works due its acid nature. Catalysts are strong acids and readily give up hydrogen ions, or protons: H+. Protons can be released from hydrated ions, for example H3O+, but more commonly they are released from ionisable hydroxyl groups (R-OH) where the O-H bond is broken to produce R-O- and H+. When the reactant receives protons from an acid it undergoes a conformational change, (change in shape and configuration), and becomes a reactive intermediate. The intermediate can then either become an isomer by returning a proton to the catalyst, or it may undergo a further reaction and form a completely new molecule. Up until the mid - 1960's silica-alumina gels were used to catalyse the cracking of hydrocarbons. This form of cracking is where the large molecules in oil are converted into small, highly volatile molecules. However because the size of the pores of silica-alumina gels was so variable, (ranging from 0.1nm to 50nm), and the fact that their shape was so variable, they were hardly ideal catalysts. Due to the large size of their cavities, large carbonaceous products were able to form in the cavities thus lowering the reactivity if the catalyst. Catalysis with alumina silica-gels was also difficult to control precisely because of their indefinite structure, and therefore uneven d... ...ce on the surface of the solid therefore the solvent only acts as a form of heat transfer and a working fluid. In summary I see Supported reagents as the best possible solution to the problems associated with catalysis due to their easy use and their ability to be recovered and re-used. They have a high level of activity and improved selectivity in reactions. This is accompanied by their highly catalytic activity which leads to the best possible level of performance in commercial uses. This has already been proven by the use of active reagents in Friedel - Crafts reactions. These reactions originally had the drawbacks of firstly the hydrolysed aluminium chloride containing aqueous effluent which is produced, and secondly the by-products such as polymeric tars and di- and polysubstituted by- products which are produced which unless they can be successfully removed make the product impure. By using a supported reagent catalyst, in most cases the desired level of activity can be achieved but the catalyst can be removed easily from the reaction mixture and re-used. I personally therefore feel that the future of environmentally friendly catalysis lies with supported reagent catalysts.

Walmart Profile

Organizational Profile: Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the world. The position Wal-Mart holds gives the company a large responsibility to contribute to the community that supports the stores. As an organization Wal-Mart owes its success to the stake holders of their business. Wal-Mart requires the community to continue business operations, Trevino and Nelson state that â€Å"a major stakeholder in business must be the communities of which corporations and other organizations are a part† (2011). Wal-Mart must consider the community happiness with their business decisions to remain profitable.Wal-Mart gives back to the community in several ways including donations to charitable foundations and by offering affordable grocery good to impoverished areas. According to Feedingamerica. org Wal-Mart gave â€Å"$2 million donation to help food banks save money on their energy bills† (2011). The donation allowed 16 food banks to improve their efficiency and provide m ore services to the community for the same amount of funding. Wal-Mart has also received the â€Å"MOWAA Corporate Friend of the Year† (Meals on Wheels Association, 2012) award for its donation to the organization. Wal-Mart has proven that it contributes to the communities it supports.The contributions, when compared to Wal-Marts yearly profit, of â€Å"$16,389 million in FY2011† (Datamonitor, 2011, p. 4) seem miniscule. The true test of adequacy of Wal-Marts contribution to the communities it operates in will be if it can remain in business for the long term. According to â€Å"Paymar Communications†, â€Å"Wal-Mart also has been going through a major transformation and committing itself to progressive policies in the realm of corporate social responsibility, particularly when it comes to the products it sells and major efforts to promote energy conservation† (2010, paragraph two).Wal-Mart, as the biggest retail store in the United Sates, has a social re sponsibility to provide quality products to the customers. In 2010, the company took the initiative to reduce unhealthy levels of salts, fats, and sugars in their products. They also decreased the prices of healthy foods to encourage customer to purchase them. Wal-Mart also developed a seal to place on healthier foods with nutrition information rating the levels of sodium, fat, and sugar content (â€Å"Paymar Communications†, 2010). The leading factor in Wal-Mart taking this initiative was to reach customers with an interest in a healthy lifestyle.With obesity on the rise across the nation people are becoming more conscious about what they eat and offering healthier foods, organic products, and enhanced labels on the foods will give the customer more options to choose from within the store. By reducing the prices of these healthy products Wal-Mart can increase their customer base, specifically those with an interest in a pursuing a healthy life style. Additionally this will e nsure Wal-Mart is leading their competition and could be the benchmark for such companies as Target, K-Mart, Sears, and Costco.The factors influencing the organizations strategies are contingent on the need, not only of the customers, but also Wal-Mart’s increase in sales and profitability. Wal-Mart wants to ensure they not only have healthy customers but also that the organization will garner major gains in sales from these changes. The â€Å"Paymar Communications† (2010) website also states that through forging these initiatives, Wal-Mart has figured out a formula to be a good corporate citizen, give consumers superior bargains and still make tons of money; $14. billion in profits in 2009. It is the consummate win-win-win for the organization and customers alike. Wal-Mart’s social initiative is to help stop hunger in the communities in which it operates. Also Wal-Mart is providing healthful products to gain health-conscious customers and to help their customer s maintain a healthy lifestyle at a low cost. References DATAMONITOR: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2011). Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 1-13. Paymar Communications. (2010). Retrieved from http://paymarcommunications. om/the-united- states-of-wal-mart-and-corporate-social-responsibility/ Trevino, L. K. , & Nelson, K. A. (2011). MANAGING BUSINESS ETHICS Straight Talk About How To Do It Right (5th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Walmart Foundation Gives $2 Million to Help ‘Green' Food Banks. (2011). Retrieved from http://feedingamerica. org/press-room/press-releases/walmart-green-initiative-2011. aspx We Are Meals On Wheels Association of America. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. mowaa. org/Page. aspx? pid=600

Equal Opportunity and Discrimination Essay

Anti-Discrimination policy for women at workplace was coined back forty years ago when U. S congress passed an Equal Pay Act of 1963 allowing women the freedom to receive the same pay as their male colleagues. Moreover, this act was mostly set as an example by almost all other the other countries that later began the process of anti-discrimination and equal opportunity for women in all fields of life. Anti-discrimination policies that allow women with lesser to compete with males of skills more than women do is considered to be a positive discrimination for women. This practice is also called quota system in many countries. The procedure is basically followed in bureaucracy where much of the employments are made through hiring people from different race, religion and educational background. The quota system in effect allows peoples with unequal educational levels to compete on the same ground. Many countries, such as the sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) follow similar steps of quota system or positive discrimination as it is known in general to allow women to participate in politics, government institutions and state organizations. This allows women to have more opportunity then males to excel in career without having a specified educational criterion. The anti-discrimination policy that tends to allow less skilled women labor to work as much of with highly skilled male labor is however banned in some countries. This kind of positive discrimination is banned in the United Kingdom. Much of the critics point out flaws in the positive discrimination being provided and mark them as leverage for being a woman. They point out that many take advantage of the affirmative discrimination by identifying themselves as deprived and take over employment of those who are deserving individuals. Moreover, apart from work related arguments, Gary K. Clabaugh writes in one of his articles about the negative effect of positive discrimination on college students. He gives a comparative example of a Hispanic wealthy girl in U. S and an American white boy who has hardly managed money to support his tuition. Despite all what he had done to enter college, the Hispanic might be selected because of her race and gender. The mere purpose was to show the demerits of positive discrimination in society. Therefore, such laws have raised question about the threats it poses to rise of injustice. On the contrary, Affirmative actions for women also have some benefits. The past we had seen was in desperate need for affirmative action like policies. Women in the past were allowed only to work as teachers, nurses, or mates. This caused them to become demotivated and remain economically poor not allowing them to social progress. Affirmative action policies later allowed women to excel as a strong and efficient work force. Women were hired as doctors, lawyers, construction workers, top executives, corporate CEO’s, police officers, combat pilots in the military, and even U. S. Secretary of State, and other occupations that were usually destined for men. Positive discrimination further also allowed women. Moreover, on a racial basis, African Americans were not allowed better jobs just because of their color. This trend later diluted due to the implementation of positive discrimination which caused equal opportunity for everyone. Therefore, it is true that positive discrimination for women and other race related issues have been misused and have been discredited by many critics; but it is also imperative that one should know what really caused the concept to come to existence. It is this anti-discrimination for a woman (positive discrimination in reality) that has caused the society to progress in ideology of freedom that we see and experience today. References Masselot, A., 2007-07-25 â€Å"Deep Impact: Mapping the Impact of Anti-Discrimination Law† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Law and Society Association, TBA, Berlin, Germany . 2009-05-24 from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p175402_index. html Hirsh, E. and Kornrich, S. , 2004-08-14 â€Å"The Context of Discrimination: The Impact of Firm Conditions on Workplace Race and Gender Discrimination† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Hilton San Francisco & Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel, San Francisco, CA, Online PDF. 2009-05-26 from Gary K. Clabaugh (2000). Positive Discrimination. Retrieved July 28, 2009 from < http://www. newfoundations. com/Clabaugh/CuttingEdge/PositiveDiscrimination. html> Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (2003). Discrimination. MSN. Retrieved July 28, 2009 from: http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761573635/Discrimination. html Discrimination.